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                  <text>Ancient Coins at the Hallie Ford Museum of Art</text>
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                  <text>The entire collection of coins found at Hallie Ford Museum of Arts.</text>
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                  <text>A guide to the ancient coins collection at the Hallie Ford Museum of Art.    </text>
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                  <text>Gifts of James and Aneta McIntyre&#13;
&#13;
Information about the coins was found in these resources:&#13;
&#13;
Cohen, Henry, René Cagnat, and James C. Egbert. Latin Epigraphy II: The Coin Inscriptions and Epigraphical Abbreviations of Imperial Rome. Chicago: Ares, 1978. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Hannestad, Niels. Roman Art and Imperial Policy. Århus C [Denmark: Aarhus UP, 1988. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Klawans, Zander H. An Outline of Ancient Greek Coins. Racine, WI: Whitman Pub., 1959. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Knorr, Ortwin. "Catalogue of the McIntyre Collection of Greek and Roman Coins." Classics: Ancient Coins in the HFMA. Willamette University, Hallie Ford Museum of Art, n.d. Web. 05 Aug. 2013. &lt;http://www.willamette.edu/cla/classics/resources/hfma/coins.html&gt;.&#13;
&#13;
Sayles, Wayne G. Ancient Coin Collecting II: Numismatic Art of the Greek World. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 1997. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Sayles, Wayne G. Ancient Coin Collecting III: The Roman World-politics and Propaganda. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 1997. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Sear, David R. Roman Coins and Their Values: The Millennium Edition. London: Spink, 2000. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Whitting, Philip D. Byzantine Coins. New York: Putnam, 1973. Print.</text>
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                  <text>Early Greek- Medieval</text>
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                  <text>Hallie Ford Museum of Art</text>
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                  <text>A selection of these coins are on view in the Mark and Janeth Sponenburgh Gallery at Hallie Ford Museum of Art.  </text>
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                <text>Faustina the Younger, Bronze As</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Faustina the Younger, Bronze As. 125-175 CE. &lt;br /&gt; OBVERSE: FAVSTINA AVGVSTA (Faustina Augusta), draped bust right. &lt;br /&gt; REVERSE: VESTA S-C (Vesta, by decree of the senate), Vesta standing left, holding &lt;em&gt;simpulum&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;palladium&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Faustina the Younger was the daughter of Antoninus Pius and the wife of Marcus Aurelius. She was not well regarded by historians like Cassius Dio; he claims she was licentious and unfaithful, but it seems that she and Marcus Aurelius may have had a good relationship. She stayed with him at military camps several times and even received the tile of &lt;em&gt;Mater Castrorum&lt;/em&gt; (mother of the camp). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; She died in 175 CE either on her way to or in the camp at Halala, located in modern-day Turkey. Her husband mourned her greatly and honored her by deifying her, by renaming Halala to Faustinopolis, and by opening a charity called Puellae Faustinianae, or “ The Girls of Faustina,” which helped young women. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vesta is here holding a &lt;em&gt;simpulum&lt;/em&gt;, a small ladle with a long handle used at sacrifices to make libations. The Palladium was a cult image, or statue, of &lt;em&gt;Pallas Athena &lt;/em&gt;or &lt;em&gt;Minerva&lt;/em&gt; which was used in ceremony. The Romans believed this statue, which was housed in the temple of Vesta, was rescued from the flames of Troy by Aeneas. The safety of the city depeneded on this statue. Both these items served to emphasize the piety shared by Vesta and Faustina.</text>
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                <text>Gift of James and Aneta McIntyre, Hallie Ford Museum of Art, Salem, OR. 2006.010.041</text>
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                <text>ca. 161-175 CE   </text>
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                <text>Hallie Ford Museum of Arts</text>
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                <text>1.125 in&#13;
0.440 oz</text>
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                <text>This item can be viewed on Hallie Ford Museum of Art's website.</text>
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                  <text>Gifts of James and Aneta McIntyre&#13;
&#13;
Information about the coins was found in these resources:&#13;
&#13;
Cohen, Henry, René Cagnat, and James C. Egbert. Latin Epigraphy II: The Coin Inscriptions and Epigraphical Abbreviations of Imperial Rome. Chicago: Ares, 1978. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Hannestad, Niels. Roman Art and Imperial Policy. Århus C [Denmark: Aarhus UP, 1988. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Klawans, Zander H. An Outline of Ancient Greek Coins. Racine, WI: Whitman Pub., 1959. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Knorr, Ortwin. "Catalogue of the McIntyre Collection of Greek and Roman Coins." Classics: Ancient Coins in the HFMA. Willamette University, Hallie Ford Museum of Art, n.d. Web. 05 Aug. 2013. &lt;http://www.willamette.edu/cla/classics/resources/hfma/coins.html&gt;.&#13;
&#13;
Sayles, Wayne G. Ancient Coin Collecting II: Numismatic Art of the Greek World. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 1997. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Sayles, Wayne G. Ancient Coin Collecting III: The Roman World-politics and Propaganda. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 1997. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Sear, David R. Roman Coins and Their Values: The Millennium Edition. London: Spink, 2000. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Whitting, Philip D. Byzantine Coins. New York: Putnam, 1973. Print.</text>
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                <text>Caracalla as Caesar, Silver Denarius.&#13;
</text>
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                <text>Caracalla, as Caesar, Silver Denarius. 196-197 CE. &#13;
OBVERSE: M AVR ANTONINVS CAES (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Caesar), draped and cuirassed but right. &#13;
REVERSE: SECVRITAS PERPETVA (perpetual security), Minerva standing left with spear and leaning on shield. </text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Caracalla was the son of Septimius Severus and the brother of Geta. His reign was a notorious one, as he was known as a harsh and paranoid person. He had his brother Geta murdered just before 212 CE, soon after the death of their father, and condemned Geta to a &lt;em&gt;damnatio memoriae&lt;/em&gt;, or an official erasure from memory. Geta’s face was literally removed from paintings, statues and other works of art erected by their father. This coin shows Caracalla as a boy and it was released under the reign of his father Septimius. The name Caracalla is only a nickname taken from a Gaul-style military cloak he favored wearing. His later appearance on coinage and relief is mean and intimidating, a far cry from this young promising youth.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Gift of James and Aneta McIntyre, Hallie Ford Museum of Art, Salem, OR. 2006.010.042</text>
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                <text>196-197 CE  </text>
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                <text>Hallie Ford Museum of Arts</text>
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                <text>0.717 in&#13;
0.105 oz</text>
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                <text>This item can be viewed on Hallie Ford Museum of Art's website.</text>
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                  <text>Gifts of James and Aneta McIntyre&#13;
&#13;
Information about the coins was found in these resources:&#13;
&#13;
Cohen, Henry, René Cagnat, and James C. Egbert. Latin Epigraphy II: The Coin Inscriptions and Epigraphical Abbreviations of Imperial Rome. Chicago: Ares, 1978. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Hannestad, Niels. Roman Art and Imperial Policy. Århus C [Denmark: Aarhus UP, 1988. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Klawans, Zander H. An Outline of Ancient Greek Coins. Racine, WI: Whitman Pub., 1959. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Knorr, Ortwin. "Catalogue of the McIntyre Collection of Greek and Roman Coins." Classics: Ancient Coins in the HFMA. Willamette University, Hallie Ford Museum of Art, n.d. Web. 05 Aug. 2013. &lt;http://www.willamette.edu/cla/classics/resources/hfma/coins.html&gt;.&#13;
&#13;
Sayles, Wayne G. Ancient Coin Collecting II: Numismatic Art of the Greek World. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 1997. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Sayles, Wayne G. Ancient Coin Collecting III: The Roman World-politics and Propaganda. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 1997. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Sear, David R. Roman Coins and Their Values: The Millennium Edition. London: Spink, 2000. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Whitting, Philip D. Byzantine Coins. New York: Putnam, 1973. Print.</text>
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                <text>Geta, Silver Denarius</text>
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                <text>Geta, Silver Denarius. 208 CE. &#13;
OBVERSE: P SEPTIMIVS GETA CAES (Publius Septimitus Geta Caesar), draped bust right. &#13;
REVERSE: PONTIF COS II (Pontifex Maximus, consul for the 2nd time), Geta, veiled, standing left with scepter, sacrificing over tripod. </text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Geta was officially erased from memory when he was condemned to suffer &lt;em&gt;damnatio memoriae &lt;/em&gt;by his brother, Caracalla, in 211 CE. Jealous and paranoid, Caracalla has his brother murdered and "erased from memory" shortly after their father, Septimius Severus, died. &lt;em&gt;Damnatio memoriae&lt;/em&gt; involves erasing evidence of those condemned. Geta’s name was erased from inscriptions, his face chiseled out of carvings, and rubbed away from portrait paintings. Ironically, this &lt;em&gt;damatio memoriae&lt;/em&gt; serves to make Geta even more intriguing of a figure, surely not what Caracalla wanted to achieve. On the reverse we see a young Geta sacrificing to the gods in his role as &lt;em&gt;Pontifex Maximus&lt;/em&gt;, or highest priest of Rome, a role usually filled by the emperor.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Gift of James and Aneta McIntyre, Hallie Ford Museum of Art, Salem, OR. 2006.010.043&#13;
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                <text>208 CE</text>
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                <text>Hallie Ford Museum of Arts</text>
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                <text>0.810  in&#13;
0.120 oz</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
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                <text>Latin</text>
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                <text>This item is on view at Hallie Ford Museum of Art, in the Mark and Janeth Sponenburgh Gallery.</text>
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                  <text>Gifts of James and Aneta McIntyre&#13;
&#13;
Information about the coins was found in these resources:&#13;
&#13;
Cohen, Henry, René Cagnat, and James C. Egbert. Latin Epigraphy II: The Coin Inscriptions and Epigraphical Abbreviations of Imperial Rome. Chicago: Ares, 1978. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Hannestad, Niels. Roman Art and Imperial Policy. Århus C [Denmark: Aarhus UP, 1988. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Klawans, Zander H. An Outline of Ancient Greek Coins. Racine, WI: Whitman Pub., 1959. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Knorr, Ortwin. "Catalogue of the McIntyre Collection of Greek and Roman Coins." Classics: Ancient Coins in the HFMA. Willamette University, Hallie Ford Museum of Art, n.d. Web. 05 Aug. 2013. &lt;http://www.willamette.edu/cla/classics/resources/hfma/coins.html&gt;.&#13;
&#13;
Sayles, Wayne G. Ancient Coin Collecting II: Numismatic Art of the Greek World. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 1997. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Sayles, Wayne G. Ancient Coin Collecting III: The Roman World-politics and Propaganda. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 1997. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Sear, David R. Roman Coins and Their Values: The Millennium Edition. London: Spink, 2000. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Whitting, Philip D. Byzantine Coins. New York: Putnam, 1973. Print.</text>
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                  <text>A selection of these coins are on view in the Mark and Janeth Sponenburgh Gallery at Hallie Ford Museum of Art.  </text>
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      <description>A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.</description>
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                <text>Elagabalus, Silver Denarius&#13;
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                <text>Elagabalus, Silver Denarius. 221 CE. &lt;br /&gt;OBVERSE: IMP ANTONINVS PIVS AVG (Imperator Antoninus Pius Augustus), laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, also crowed with horn. &lt;br /&gt;REVERSE: PM TR P IIII COS III PP (Pontifex Maximus, tribunician power for the 4th time, Consul for the 3rd time, pater patriae). Emperor standing left, sacrificing over altar with &lt;em&gt;patera&lt;/em&gt; and branch, star to left.</text>
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                <text>Elagabalus, also known as Heliogabalus, was the leader of the Roman Empire from 218-222 CE. Caracalla, who was Elagabalus’ cousin, was assassinated by the praefect of the Praetorian Guard, Marcus Opellius Macrinus, in 217 CE. Macrinus replaced Caracalla as emperor but was ousted within a year through the scheming of the rightful imperial family. Cassius Dio (Hist. 79.30-34) reports that Elagabalus’ grandmother, Julia Maesa (who was the sister of Septimius Severus’ wife, Julia Domna), helped him come to power by passing him off as the illegitimate son of Caracalla and by bribing troops to support him. Elagabalus was a mere 14 years old when he took the throne. &#13;
&#13;
Elagabalus is remembered for his decadence and disregard for Roman tradition. He not only replaced Zeus, the head of the Roman Pantheon, with Elagabal (and in the process making himself the ‘most elevated priest’), but also married a Vestal Virgin, the sacred priestesses of the city of Rome whose chastity is considered essential for the continued safety of the city. He was assassinated at the young age of 18, in 222 CE, and replaced with Julia Maesa’s other grandson, Severus Alexander. &#13;
The obverse of the coin notes that they emperor is crowned with a horn. This is not a typo, a horn was a long standing tradition of divinity in Eastern religions – the same ones Elagabalus was associated with. </text>
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                <text>Gift of James and Aneta McIntyre, Hallie Ford Museum of Art, Salem, OR. 2006.010.044</text>
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            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>221 CE</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>Hallie Ford Museum of Arts</text>
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                <text>0.736 in&#13;
0.120 oz</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>This item can be viewed on Hallie Ford Museum of Art's website.</text>
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                  <text>Gifts of James and Aneta McIntyre&#13;
&#13;
Information about the coins was found in these resources:&#13;
&#13;
Cohen, Henry, René Cagnat, and James C. Egbert. Latin Epigraphy II: The Coin Inscriptions and Epigraphical Abbreviations of Imperial Rome. Chicago: Ares, 1978. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Hannestad, Niels. Roman Art and Imperial Policy. Århus C [Denmark: Aarhus UP, 1988. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Klawans, Zander H. An Outline of Ancient Greek Coins. Racine, WI: Whitman Pub., 1959. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Knorr, Ortwin. "Catalogue of the McIntyre Collection of Greek and Roman Coins." Classics: Ancient Coins in the HFMA. Willamette University, Hallie Ford Museum of Art, n.d. Web. 05 Aug. 2013. &lt;http://www.willamette.edu/cla/classics/resources/hfma/coins.html&gt;.&#13;
&#13;
Sayles, Wayne G. Ancient Coin Collecting II: Numismatic Art of the Greek World. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 1997. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Sayles, Wayne G. Ancient Coin Collecting III: The Roman World-politics and Propaganda. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 1997. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Sear, David R. Roman Coins and Their Values: The Millennium Edition. London: Spink, 2000. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Whitting, Philip D. Byzantine Coins. New York: Putnam, 1973. Print.</text>
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                  <text>Hallie Ford Museum of Art</text>
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                <text>Severus Alexander, Silver Denarius</text>
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                <text>Severus Alexander, Silver Denarius, 222-235 CE. &#13;
OBVERSE: IMP C M AVR SEV ALEXAND AVG (Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander Augustus) Severus Alexander facing left with laurel crown.&#13;
REVERSE: PAX AUG C. (Pax Augustus, Clausentum) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. </text>
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                <text>Severus Alexander was put into power after the assassination of his cousin, Elagabalus, in 222 CE. As opposed to his cousin, Severus respected Roman tradition and behaved in accordance with Roman law. He was a wise ruler, though it is rumored that he was guided heavily by his mother.&#13;
&#13;
The beginning of his reign was relatively peaceful, but, around 234 CE, barbarian invaders overran Gaul and forced him to gather arms and try to reclaim the lost territory. His lack of enthusiasm caused disillusionment among the troops and, in 235 CE, he was assassinated, along with his mother, by a group of mutinous soldiers. His death marks the end of the Severan dynasty and the beginning of another tumultuous struggle among his hopeful successors. &#13;
&#13;
This coin is probably from later in his reign as his earliest coins show a young boy - he was only 14 when he ascended to the throne - and not the young man found on this coin.&#13;
Clausentum, C as seen on the REVERSE of the coin, was a mint in England. Coins sometimes bore a mint mark, or a letter that stood for where the coin was produced. </text>
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                <text>Gift of James and Aneta McIntyre, Hallie Ford Museum of Art, Salem, OR. 2006.010.045</text>
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                <text>ca. 222-235 CE </text>
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0.285 oz</text>
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                <text>This item can be viewed on Hallie Ford Museum of Art's website.</text>
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                  <text>Gifts of James and Aneta McIntyre&#13;
&#13;
Information about the coins was found in these resources:&#13;
&#13;
Cohen, Henry, René Cagnat, and James C. Egbert. Latin Epigraphy II: The Coin Inscriptions and Epigraphical Abbreviations of Imperial Rome. Chicago: Ares, 1978. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Hannestad, Niels. Roman Art and Imperial Policy. Århus C [Denmark: Aarhus UP, 1988. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Klawans, Zander H. An Outline of Ancient Greek Coins. Racine, WI: Whitman Pub., 1959. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Knorr, Ortwin. "Catalogue of the McIntyre Collection of Greek and Roman Coins." Classics: Ancient Coins in the HFMA. Willamette University, Hallie Ford Museum of Art, n.d. Web. 05 Aug. 2013. &lt;http://www.willamette.edu/cla/classics/resources/hfma/coins.html&gt;.&#13;
&#13;
Sayles, Wayne G. Ancient Coin Collecting II: Numismatic Art of the Greek World. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 1997. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Sayles, Wayne G. Ancient Coin Collecting III: The Roman World-politics and Propaganda. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 1997. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Sear, David R. Roman Coins and Their Values: The Millennium Edition. London: Spink, 2000. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Whitting, Philip D. Byzantine Coins. New York: Putnam, 1973. Print.</text>
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                <text>Aurelian, Bronze Antoninianus. 270-275 CE. &#13;
OBVERSE: IMP AVRELIANVS AVG (Imperator Aureilanus Augustus), Radiate bust right, cuirassed. &#13;
REVERSE: VIRT MILITVM (virtue of the military), Emperor standing left, presenting Victory to a soldier standing right, holding globe and spear, T in exergue. &#13;
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                <text>Aurelian was declared Emperor by his troops after the death of Claudius II Gothicus in 270 CE. Claudius II Gothicus’ brother, Quintillus, however, was also declared Emperor by the Pannonian troops in the same year. Not unexpectedly, Quintillus was not destined to hold the title for long.  Mere months after his troops had declared their support, they deserted him for Aurelian. Quintillus was then either murdered or he committed suicide, and Aurelian became the uncontested leader of the empire. &#13;
&#13;
A great military general, Aurelian was responsible for recovering lands ruled by Zenobia (current day Syria) and inducing the surrender of the Tetrici in Gaul. He also built the Aurelian wall around Rome, securing it against outward attacks. Even with his success, he was still assassinated by a conspiracy of officers in Thrace in 275 CE. &#13;
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                <text>Gift of James and Aneta McIntyre, Hallie Ford Museum of Art, Salem, OR. 2006.010.046</text>
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                <text>ca. 270-275 CE</text>
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                <text>Hallie Ford Museum of Art</text>
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                <text>0.993 in&#13;
0.100 oz</text>
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                <text>This item can be viewed on Hallie Ford Museum of Art's website.</text>
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                  <text>A guide to the ancient coins collection at the Hallie Ford Museum of Art.    </text>
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                  <text>Gifts of James and Aneta McIntyre&#13;
&#13;
Information about the coins was found in these resources:&#13;
&#13;
Cohen, Henry, René Cagnat, and James C. Egbert. Latin Epigraphy II: The Coin Inscriptions and Epigraphical Abbreviations of Imperial Rome. Chicago: Ares, 1978. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Hannestad, Niels. Roman Art and Imperial Policy. Århus C [Denmark: Aarhus UP, 1988. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Klawans, Zander H. An Outline of Ancient Greek Coins. Racine, WI: Whitman Pub., 1959. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Knorr, Ortwin. "Catalogue of the McIntyre Collection of Greek and Roman Coins." Classics: Ancient Coins in the HFMA. Willamette University, Hallie Ford Museum of Art, n.d. Web. 05 Aug. 2013. &lt;http://www.willamette.edu/cla/classics/resources/hfma/coins.html&gt;.&#13;
&#13;
Sayles, Wayne G. Ancient Coin Collecting II: Numismatic Art of the Greek World. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 1997. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Sayles, Wayne G. Ancient Coin Collecting III: The Roman World-politics and Propaganda. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 1997. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Sear, David R. Roman Coins and Their Values: The Millennium Edition. London: Spink, 2000. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Whitting, Philip D. Byzantine Coins. New York: Putnam, 1973. Print.</text>
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              <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                  <text>Hallie Ford Museum of Art</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Carinus, Bronze Antoninianus&#13;
</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Carinus, Bronze Antoninianus. Siscia mint, August to November 284 CE. &#13;
OBVERSE: IMP C CARINVS P F AVG (Imperator Caesar Carinus Pius Felix Augustus), radiate and cuirassed bust right. &#13;
REVERSE: VOTA PVBLICA (public vow), Carinus and Numerian sacrificing over altar between them; two standards behind; SMSXXIB in exergue. </text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Carinus and Numerian were the sons of Carus. Carus and his younger son, Numerian, were to the rule the Eastern provinces and Carinus, the older son, was the rule the western. Carinus was successful militarily, but soon faced usurpation of the throne by two others: Julian of Pannonia and Diocletian. Carinus defeated Julian easily and, though forcing a surrender of Diocletian in a later battle, was soon after murdered by one of his own officers in a personal vendetta - leaving the way to the throne open for Diocletian. &#13;
&#13;
We see the two sons of Carus making a sacrifice on the reverse of this coin. The standards and religious themes work to support the legitimacy of their and their father’s rule.</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Gift of James and Aneta McIntyre, Hallie Ford Museum of Art, Salem, OR. 2006.010.047</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>284 CE</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5272">
                <text>Hallie Ford Museum of Arts</text>
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            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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                <text>0.865 in&#13;
0.130 oz</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="5276">
                <text>This item can be viewed on Hallie Ford Museum of Art's website.</text>
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                  <text>Gifts of James and Aneta McIntyre&#13;
&#13;
Information about the coins was found in these resources:&#13;
&#13;
Cohen, Henry, René Cagnat, and James C. Egbert. Latin Epigraphy II: The Coin Inscriptions and Epigraphical Abbreviations of Imperial Rome. Chicago: Ares, 1978. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Hannestad, Niels. Roman Art and Imperial Policy. Århus C [Denmark: Aarhus UP, 1988. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Klawans, Zander H. An Outline of Ancient Greek Coins. Racine, WI: Whitman Pub., 1959. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Knorr, Ortwin. "Catalogue of the McIntyre Collection of Greek and Roman Coins." Classics: Ancient Coins in the HFMA. Willamette University, Hallie Ford Museum of Art, n.d. Web. 05 Aug. 2013. &lt;http://www.willamette.edu/cla/classics/resources/hfma/coins.html&gt;.&#13;
&#13;
Sayles, Wayne G. Ancient Coin Collecting II: Numismatic Art of the Greek World. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 1997. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Sayles, Wayne G. Ancient Coin Collecting III: The Roman World-politics and Propaganda. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 1997. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Sear, David R. Roman Coins and Their Values: The Millennium Edition. London: Spink, 2000. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Whitting, Philip D. Byzantine Coins. New York: Putnam, 1973. Print.</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Gordian III, Silver Antoninianus&#13;
</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Gordian III, Silver Antoninianus, 238-239 CE. &#13;
OBVERSE: IMP CAES M ANT GORDIANVS AVG (Imperator Caesar Marcus Antoninus Gordianus Augustus), Radiate bust right. &#13;
REVERSE: VIRTVS AVG (Virtue of Augustus), Virtus standing facing in military dress, head left, with shield and spear. </text>
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          <element elementId="41">
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Most of Gordian’s reign was spent in the East campaigning against the Persians. He married the daughter of his Praetorian Praefect, Furia Sabina Tranquillina, which by this time was a prudent political move. The Praefect, Timestheus, though very loyal, either died or was murdered in 243 CE, and his replacement, Philip the Arab, was not so loyal. Gordian was murdered by the arrangement of Philip in February of 244 CE. &#13;
Virtue was often featured on Roman coins. It was a common staple of the rhetoric used by emperors to emphasize their own virtue and their dedication to the people of Rome.</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Gift of James and Aneta McIntyre, Hallie Ford Museum of Art, Salem, OR. 2006.010.048</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>238-239 CE</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5411">
                <text>Hallie Ford Museum of Arts</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="5412">
                <text>0.893 in&#13;
0.165 oz</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5415">
                <text>This item is on view at Hallie Ford Museum of Art, in the Mark and Janeth Sponenburgh Gallery.</text>
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                  <text>Ancient Coins at the Hallie Ford Museum of Art</text>
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                  <text>A guide to the ancient coins collection at the Hallie Ford Museum of Art.    </text>
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                  <text>Gifts of James and Aneta McIntyre&#13;
&#13;
Information about the coins was found in these resources:&#13;
&#13;
Cohen, Henry, René Cagnat, and James C. Egbert. Latin Epigraphy II: The Coin Inscriptions and Epigraphical Abbreviations of Imperial Rome. Chicago: Ares, 1978. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Hannestad, Niels. Roman Art and Imperial Policy. Århus C [Denmark: Aarhus UP, 1988. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Klawans, Zander H. An Outline of Ancient Greek Coins. Racine, WI: Whitman Pub., 1959. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Knorr, Ortwin. "Catalogue of the McIntyre Collection of Greek and Roman Coins." Classics: Ancient Coins in the HFMA. Willamette University, Hallie Ford Museum of Art, n.d. Web. 05 Aug. 2013. &lt;http://www.willamette.edu/cla/classics/resources/hfma/coins.html&gt;.&#13;
&#13;
Sayles, Wayne G. Ancient Coin Collecting II: Numismatic Art of the Greek World. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 1997. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Sayles, Wayne G. Ancient Coin Collecting III: The Roman World-politics and Propaganda. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 1997. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Sear, David R. Roman Coins and Their Values: The Millennium Edition. London: Spink, 2000. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Whitting, Philip D. Byzantine Coins. New York: Putnam, 1973. Print.</text>
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                  <text>Early Greek- Medieval</text>
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              <name>Rights</name>
              <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                  <text>Hallie Ford Museum of Art</text>
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                  <text>A selection of these coins are on view in the Mark and Janeth Sponenburgh Gallery at Hallie Ford Museum of Art.  </text>
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      <description>A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.</description>
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                <text>Valerian I, Bronze Sestertius&#13;
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Valerian I, Bronze Sestertius. 253-260 CE. &#13;
OBVERSE: IMP C P LIC VALERIANVS AVG (Imperator Caesar Publicus Licinius Valerianus Augustus), laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right. &#13;
REVERSE: VIRTVS AVG S-C (Virtue of Augustus, by decree of the senate), Soldier standing left, right hand resting on shield, left hand holding spear.</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>From a noble Roman family, Valerian held many important positions in the city of Rome, including Censor and Princeps Senatus, before he was declared Emperor in 253 CE. His son, Gallienus, was declared co-emperor and sent to the west to look after affairs there. &#13;
&#13;
Valerian spent much of his time in the East, repelling the Persians and persecuting Christians. He arranged to meet the Persian king, Shapur, to discuss a peace treaty, but was kidnapped and apparently forced to live in humiliating conditions, which he did for another ten years. It is rather hotly debated whether Sharpur flayed Valerian alive, forced him to swallow molten gold, or let him live the rest of his life in relative peace with a portion of his troops under guard in another city. </text>
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                <text>Gift of James and Aneta McIntyre, Hallie Ford Museum of Art, Salem, OR. 2006.010.049&#13;
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                <text>253- 260 CE</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
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                <text>Hallie Ford Museum of Art</text>
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                <text> 0.906 in&#13;
0.300 oz</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
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                <text>Latin</text>
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                <text>Coin</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
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                <text>This item can be viewed on Hallie Ford Museum of Art's website.</text>
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                  <text>Gifts of James and Aneta McIntyre&#13;
&#13;
Information about the coins was found in these resources:&#13;
&#13;
Cohen, Henry, René Cagnat, and James C. Egbert. Latin Epigraphy II: The Coin Inscriptions and Epigraphical Abbreviations of Imperial Rome. Chicago: Ares, 1978. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Hannestad, Niels. Roman Art and Imperial Policy. Århus C [Denmark: Aarhus UP, 1988. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Klawans, Zander H. An Outline of Ancient Greek Coins. Racine, WI: Whitman Pub., 1959. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Knorr, Ortwin. "Catalogue of the McIntyre Collection of Greek and Roman Coins." Classics: Ancient Coins in the HFMA. Willamette University, Hallie Ford Museum of Art, n.d. Web. 05 Aug. 2013. &lt;http://www.willamette.edu/cla/classics/resources/hfma/coins.html&gt;.&#13;
&#13;
Sayles, Wayne G. Ancient Coin Collecting II: Numismatic Art of the Greek World. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 1997. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Sayles, Wayne G. Ancient Coin Collecting III: The Roman World-politics and Propaganda. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 1997. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Sear, David R. Roman Coins and Their Values: The Millennium Edition. London: Spink, 2000. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Whitting, Philip D. Byzantine Coins. New York: Putnam, 1973. Print.</text>
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                  <text>Hallie Ford Museum of Art</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Julia Maesa, Silver Denarius&#13;
</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Julia Maesa, Silver Denarius, 218-225 CE. OBVERSE: IVLIA MAESA AVG (Julia Maesa Augusta), draped bust right. REVERSE: PVDICITIA (Modesty), Pudicitia seated left, raising veil and holding scepter. </text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Julia Maesa was the Severan matriarch after the death of Caracalla. Trying to restore the Severan dynasty, she secured the murder of Emperor Macrinus, Caracalla’s former Praetorian Praefect and murderer, in 218 CE. Elagabalus, her grandson, was then instated as emperor but, being a rather disappointing (though entertaining) leader, was murdered a few years later (some say by the machinations of Julia Maesa herself). Her other grandson, Severus Alexander was then instated in 222 CE.&#13;
&#13;
There were many coins featuring Julia Maesa released during the reign of Elagabalus, who also released coins of his mother, Julia Soaemias, and all of his three wives (all taken during his short, four-year reign).</text>
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                <text>Gift of James and Aneta McIntyre, Hallie Ford Museum of Art, Salem, OR. 2006.010.050</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>ca. 217-225 CE</text>
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          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>Hallie Ford Museum of Art</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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                <text>0.753 in&#13;
0.075 oz</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>This item is on view at Hallie Ford Museum of Art, in the Mark and Janeth Sponenburgh Gallery.</text>
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