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                <text>http://www.classicalcoins.com/page103.html</text>
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                <text>Courtesy of Classical Coins. All rights reserved.</text>
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                <text>Minting Process</text>
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                <text>Courtesy of Michael Crawford, ed., Sources of History: Studies in the Uses of Historical Evidence. Sources for Ancient History, ed. G.R. Elton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. 207. </text>
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                <text>http://www.brynmawr.edu/collections/nehinterns/Coins/intro.html</text>
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                  <text>A collection of coins from around the Mediterranean world. </text>
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                <text>From el-Amarna, Egypt&#13;
18th Dynasty, 14th century BC&#13;
&#13;
Egypt's earliest money&#13;
&#13;
These ingots and metal rings date from the fourteenth century BC and were found at el-Amarna. They give us rare archaeological evidence for Egypt's earliest money system.&#13;
&#13;
Before coins started to circulate in ancient Egypt around 500 BC, there was a system of values based on weights of gold, silver and copper. Metal measured in units of weight known as deben (around 90 g) could be used to settle bills and to trade. Records from the Eighteenth Dynasty (1550-1295 BC) show that often the actual metal did not change hands; instead it was used to value goods for exchange. Egypt had no easily accessible source of silver, but the Egyptian word for silver, hedj, came to mean something close to 'money'.&#13;
&#13;
The complete ingots from el-Amarna weigh around 3 deben (265-286 g) and the rings seem to be fractions of the deben.&#13;
&#13;
J. Williams (ed.), Money: a history (London, The British Museum Press, 1997)</text>
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                <text>The el-Amarna Hoard&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>The British Museum, M 1974,0223.1&#13;
&#13;
http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/cm/t/the_el-amarna_hoard.aspx</text>
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                <text>14th c. BCE</text>
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                <text>© Trustees of the British Museum</text>
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                <text>Length: 20.800 cm (largest piece)&#13;
Width: 1.950 cm (largest piece)&#13;
Thickness: 1.050 cm (largest piece)</text>
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                <text>Sicilian onkia</text>
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                <text>The city of Camarina, situated on the south coast of Sicily, had an eventful history. Founded in 598 BC by Syracuse, Camarina was deserted shortly afterward. Hippocrates, the tyrant of Gela, refounded the city in 492 BC. But again Camarina's destiny was not a fortunate one. Gelon I, Hippocrates' successor, moved the population to Syracuse after having transferred the government there; subsequently, Camarina became a ghost town. In 461 BC, the city was founded for the third time, yet was renounced again in 405 because of the Carthaginians' constant threat.&#13;
&#13;
Despite these setbacks, Camarina's mint was important and productive. This coin, an onkia, was struck toward the end of the 5th century BC. Camarina's die-cutters were among the best and could easily be compared to the artists from the Syracusian mint.&#13;
&#13;
The obverse depicts the gorgoneion, the chipped off head of Gorgo. In Sicilian iconography, Gorgo's head was considered to have strong magical power, because it's display fended off evil spirits. The gorgoneion was a frequent motif on coins, but also on temple and city walls, on weapons and on amulets. It can be seen on numerous Sicilian doors and houses until this day. The reverse depicts an owl holding a lizard in its claws. Underneath the animals is a pellet to indicate the coin's value of 1 onkia.</text>
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                <text>Money Musuem, Sunflower Foundation&#13;
http://www.moneymuseum.com/moneymuseum/coins/search/coin3.jsp?i=2&amp;t=onkia&amp;pi=0&amp;ps=10</text>
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                <text>410-405 BCE</text>
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                <text>® Sunflower Foundation</text>
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                  <text>A collection of coins from around the Mediterranean world. </text>
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                  <text>Gift of James and Aneta McIntyre</text>
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                <text>Lydian Electrum</text>
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                <text>Electrum 1/6 stater&#13;
&#13;
Lydian, about 650-600 BC&#13;
From western modern Turkey&#13;
&#13;
One of the very earliest coins&#13;
&#13;
The Greek historian Herodotus, writing in the fifth century BCE, stated that 'the Lydians were the first people we know to have struck and used coinage of silver and gold.' He is almost correct. The earliest coins were in fact made from electrum, an alloy of gold and silver. But, based on the evidence of their findspots, we can be fairly confident that the first coins were issued in the area of Lydia, today in western Turkey. These coins had a design on one side only - a result of the primitive method of manufacture.&#13;
&#13;
The coins were hand struck. A die with a design (in this case a lion's head) for the obverse (front) of the coin was placed on an anvil. A blank piece of metal was placed on top of the die, and a punch hammered onto the reverse. The result was a coin with an image on one side and a punch mark on the other.&#13;
&#13;
The device of the lion on these coins has often led to the assumption that they were issued by a royal power, the kings of Lydia. In truth, we cannot say for certain who minted these earliest coins.&#13;
&#13;
G.K. Jenkins, Ancient Greek coins (London, Seaby, 1990)</text>
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                <text>http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/cm/e/electrum_16_stater.aspx</text>
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                <text>The British Museum, CM BMC Lydia 6</text>
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                <text>650-600 BCE</text>
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                <text>© Trustees of the British Museum</text>
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                <text>Weight: 2.560 g&#13;
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