Citing Internet Resources
The following guide provides examples of how to cite commonly used Internet Sources. These are suggestions based on the commonly used APA and MLA style guides, as interpreted in Electronic Style: a handbook for citing electronic information, [REF PN171.F56 L5 1996], by Nancy Crane and Xia Li.
Additional sources for guidance and examples are available. Please ask at the Hatfield Library Reference Desk for additional assistance.
APA style:
Basic citation components and punctuation for individual works
-
Author/editor. (Year, month day). Title. Retrieved (Access date), from (complete URL).
Examples:
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Unlandherm, F. (1997, May 2). Middle East studies resources. Retrieved August 19, 1997 from http://www.columbia.edu/cu/libraries/indiv/area/MiddleEast/index.html.
Arab republic of Egypt. (1997, June 1). Retrieved August 18, 1997 from http://menic.utexas.edu/menic/countries/egypt.html.
MLA style:
Basic citation components and punctuation for individual works
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Author/editor. Title. Edition statement (if given). Place of publication: publisher, date. Medium. Source of electronic information (if available). Available: URL. Access date.
Examples:
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Unlandherm, Frank. Middle East studies resources . New York: Columbia University, 1997. Online. Columbia University: Available: http://www.columbia.edu/cu/libraries/indiv/area/MiddleEast/index.html. 19 August 1997.
Arab republic of Egypt. Austin, TX: Center for Middle East Studies, 1 June 1997. Online. Middle East Network Information Center. Available: http://menic.utexas.edu/menic/countries/egypt.html. 18 August 1997.
APA style:
Basic citation components and punctuation
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Author. (Year, Month day). Subject or title of message. [Message number](if available) Message posted to (URL or online address).
Examples:
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Johnston, David. (1997, August 16). Trek's enemies do have meaning [Msg. 11]. Message posted to USENET: rec.arts.startrek.current.
Ripp, G. Iva. (1997, August 18). Periodical usage of periods in electronic periodicals. Message posted to SERIALST electronic mailing list, archived at http://list.uvm.edu/serialst.
MLA style:
Basic citation components and punctuation
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Author. "Subject of Message." Date. Online posting. Discussion List. (if available)
Available E-mail/USENET: address. Access date.
Examples:
-
Johnston. David. "Trek's enemies do have meaning." 16 August 1997. Online posting. Available USENET: rec.arts.startrek.current. 18 August 1997.
Ripp, G. Iva. "Periodical usage of periods in electronic periodicals." 18 August 1997. SERIALST. Online posting. Available E-mail: serialst@list.uvm.edu. 18 August 1997. .
APA style:
According to current APA rules, email messages are cited parenthetically in the text as a personal communication, but are not included in the reference list.
Basic citation components and punctuation
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Sender (personal communication, Month day, year)
Example:
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Barleycorn, John (personal communication, July 21, 1993) or
(John Barleycorn, personal communication, July 21, 1993)
MLA style:
Basic citation components and punctuation
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Sender. "Subject of Message." E-mail to (recipient). Date month year.
Example
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Barleycorn, John. "Evils of overindulgence." E-mail to Ted Kennedy. 21 July 1993.
Janice Walker and Todd Taylor's The Columbia Guide to Online Style, or in print, behind the Reference Desk at call number
REF PN171 .F56 W35 1998
and
APA Style.org
(Located behind Hatfield Library Reference Desk)
Li, Xi and Nancy B. Crane. Electronic style : a handbook for citing electronic information. Medford, N.J. : Information Today, 1996. REF PN171.F56 L5 1996
Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA handbook for writers of research papers.6th ed. New York : Modern Language Association of America, 2003. REF LB 2369 .G53 2003
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. 4th ed. Washington, DC :American Psychological Association, 2001. REF BF 76.7 .P83 2001